F.O'C - Analysis of opening sequence: Dawn of the Dead (Snyder-2004)

Genre:

• Dawn of the Dead belongs to the zombie sub genre which is evident not only because of the large amount of undead within the clip, but also the way in which it is set out in the style of news reports covering 'real life occurrences'. We see this in World War Z (Forster-2013) and also parts of Shaun of the Dead (Wright-2004).
• The audience's expectations of the zombie genre and what it will consist of are challenged to a degree but are mostly reinforced by gory images and violent clips. The asyncronous Johnny Cash soundtrack however does not anchor the visuals and conflicts with what audiences initially think of in a zombie flick.
• The clip does treat the genre almost light-heartedly with the up beat soundtrack however if anything this just amplifies the gravitas of the visuals.
  

Film language: 

• Within the clip there are numerous extreme long shots showing city landscapes and the mass destruction the outbreak has caused. This is done to convey the worldwide effect of the virus. This is also shown through the wide verity of different quality cameras used to show that people from all wakes of life are affected. The fact it is almost all filmed by handi-cam, so the camera is often tilted and jerky, creates chaos within the scene and connotes to the audience that all authority and professionalism is gone.
• The extremely fast cutting rate within the scene only gives the audience a split second to view each clip which creates a deliberately chaotic and unorganised piece, used to convey the sense of panic in the film.
• There are no permanent characters in this clip as we are seeing the destruction from an objective point of view.
• Snyder has left in the diagetic sounds of the people in the clips screaming and of the infected snarling. He'd done this to anchor the visuals and to make the clip seem as un edited and real as possible.
• The names that flash up on a black background are CGI. They are red and seem to trail away as blood would on a surface to create a dark, foreboding mood. They are a bold, capitalised, almost military typeface which stands out and creates a very serious tone and also break the monotony of the montage.
  

Narrative:

• The plot of this scene is the timeline of events from the initial confusion of the press due to the virus, through to the panic on the streets, finally through to the dissolve of human civilisation, signified by the last strand of authority we see (the journalist and camera man) being overrun. The press conference at the beginning is a stock situation as it establishes the idea of zombies in the zombie genre.
• The audience are watching the film in a predominantly objective way, being given information about the virus almost in the form of a documentary.
• The prevailing themes in the narrative are that of biblical death and panic.
• Tension is created and maintained through the very short nature of the clips shown. This keeps the viewer in suspense of what the next violent and probably gory image will be.
  

Representation & ideology:

• All social groups are represented in this however it's predominantly Americans. This is done by having all the news reports and reporters be American. Snyder did this to show that if America can fall (arguably the most secure and built up country in the world) anyone can.
• The western world and Arab cultures are represented in this with a mass prayer at the beginning of the clip. Men however are represented as being dominant in this with all the authoritative figures being male (newsreaders, journalists, police). This is a regressive ideology in contemporary society.
  

Media audiences:

• You can tell that the target audience is 15-21s through the amount of gore and graphic content. So much that a child would be scared and older adults might look down upon.
• As a British male teenager, I think i'm inclined to be influenced on some level. Firstly the film will be appealing to me more than other demographics, being English speaking, within the film's target age and gender and a regular horror viewer. Normally in a a Hollywood film targeted at this demographic I'd pick up culture references etcetera however this clip is universal and so does not overly bias my view more than others in one way or another.

Institutional context:

• No A Listers were used in the film.
• Strike entertainment produced the film. They are owned by Universal studios however do not produce well known films. It is safe to say though that this is a industrial film with a budget of over $18 million.

Group: Wilderness Woods Recce - 'Something in the Woods'

Editing the film was a good experience for the group as it gave us the opportunity to see how efficiently we co-operated as a team. The editing process went as follows:

• Imported all of the footage from the camera onto Adobe Premier via selective reviewing of the material.
• Referring to our storyboard we dragged and dropped our clips in the right order onto the timeline.
• We edited our film in a continuous style, we cut and trimmed our clips to achieve seamless action matches.
• After getting all of our clips in the right order and cut correctly, we added non diegetic sound on a separate timeline - we got all of our sounds from freesound.org
• Once we had added the non diegetic sound we watched our film over and noticed the ambient sound of the woods was prevailing over our added sound effects. Therefore we changed the amplitude of the original audio to achieve a natural, continuous level of sound.

F.L - Analysis of Opening Sequence - Identity (Mangold, 2003)

Genre:

• A psychological horror is something that ‘relies on the characters' fears and emotional instability to build tension.’
• It fulfils the generic conventions of a psychological horror because the whole film is based on a man with a mental illness (which is a stock character of this genre), and focuses on his actions and instability.
• The opening scene is in a ‘creepy’ house and also a prison, which is also a stock location.

Film Language:

• The use of montage editing creates a fast pace atmosphere that keeps the audience on edge and makes them want to find out more, this captures their attention within the first scene.
• The close-up shots of the police recording tapes with the ‘patient’ sticker, alerts the audience of the characters situation and also gives them context to the voiceover.
• The voiceover editing, which is post production editing puts the audience into the storyline straight away and immediately involves them. You can learn the mindset of the character, and the authoritative position of the doctor towards the ‘patient’. 
• The extreme close-up shot of the prop newspaper, which reads ‘mass murder’ entices the audience, continues the generic genre convention, but also breaks the plot.



As you can clearly see, the title is
aligned to the left of his face, so as to
not detract from the main scene.

• There is lightening sound in the background (which is presumably post production editing) and this could be pathetic fallacy; it sets the scene, creates a mysterious and ‘scary’ scene, and also complies with the generic horror film setting.
• The credits and titles are in a small, white typeface and are to the side of the screen in order to not disrupt the main focus of the scene (e.g a characters face) this suggests that the editor didn’t want to draw the audiences attention from the scene and that they are of low importance. 

Narrative:

• The opening scene introduces you to the patient, Malcom Rivers, who you are informed, is the murderer, and the voiceover is of the doctor, Dr. R. Mallick, who is interviewing the patient and relaying the idea that the patient is mentally unstable.
• The audience is given prevalence with the Doctor because he is the man that is shown in the scene, whereas the patient/killer isn’t given much of a face besides his prison mug shot.
• Tension is created through the background music, for example, it is quiet yet extremely present and gradually builds throughout the scene. Also the branding of the words ‘murder’ and the photos of blood-covered victims gives fear and shock to the audience, and builds tension because they want to know how this occurred.

Representation and Ideology:

• The main social group that is represented is those suffering from mental health disorders. The murderer is listed as a ‘patient’ and the questions that the Doctor is asking suggests his lack of sanity and control, and therefore shows he is suffering from an illness.
• This is quite regressive as it is associating negative connotations with those suffering, and suggests a dominant ideological discourse that mental health illnesses are a negative problem.  

Media Audiences:

• The main target audience would be 15-24 year old males; the most apparent suggestion (besides that that is the dominant age of audiences for horror films) is the use of blood and gore, which would entice and excite males of that age.
• As a teenager myself, I would easily see that this film, and the opening to it, would appeal to audiences of my age group, mainly male, but also female. I would view the film as a less-scary psychological horror because the main outline is introduced within the opening sequence, and therefore you are more aware of what to expect, however, the opening music and photos would still suggest it as a quite a ‘scary’ film. I think my age and gender both influence my negativity towards this film because I would prefer to not watch horrors due to their scare factor. 

Institutional Context:

• 

  It is the first scene of the movie and is very minimalistic,
  as if to suggest the importance of the company and this
  ensures that the audience fully appreciate the company.

• The film stars John Cusack, Amanda Peet and Ray Liotta, not A-listers, however their names are known within the film industry. However, the cast don’t appear to be significant with the advertising campaigning or the reason for audience attendance.It was produced by Columbia Pictures Corporation, a very well known company that has produced 2095 films (if not more) and it could be suggested that this is the reason for its (limited) establishment/success within the industry.
• It was produced by Columbia Pictures Corporation, a very well known company that has produced 2095 films (if not more) and it could be suggested that this is the reason for its (limited) establishment/success within the industry. 

Group: Production Log - Wilderness Woods

1. What did we learn from our filming experience and how has it influenced ideas for our own production?

·      We learnt that we need to discuss camera angles specifically before we begin filming, because occasionally we had different ideas about how the shot should look, but this only became apparent once we had finished filming.

·      We also learnt that filming around other people can bring difficulties, such as background noise. Therefore, when we are filming for our final production, we will ensure that only people involved within the film will be on set, and that people nearby are aware that we are filming.

·      We also learnt the importance of low, floor shots, for example, angles of just the feet; because we predominately used medium close-up and medium shots, and this saw repetition, so we will try to use a variety of angles and shots.

2. Outline which techniques worked?

·         The track and dolly shot was one out our most effective because the camera was very steady but also successfully exploited the continuation of the camera on the track whilst the characters got cut out of the frame.

 

·         We also used character blocking to create a point of view shot, this emphasised the antagonists scariness and the threat of him.

 

·         We filmed a lot of establishing shots which came out well and we could use to merge clips and set the scene for the audience as well.

 

Explain which ones didn’t?

·         Some hand-held shots were too shaky, or didn’t follow the character quickly enough; therefore they lost their effect and didn’t look as good in the final production of it.

 

·         We did try a low-angle medium close-up of feet running through the leaves, this didn’t have the intended final outcome because the surroundings didn’t fit with what we envisioned, and therefore this wasn’t a fault in filming, but a general inability from the environment.

 

 

 

Independent Horror film research - 'The Devil's Reject's' (Zombie - 2005) F.O'C

Production: 

• Sequel of 'House of 1000 corpses'.
• Critics settled on the film being in the 'torture' sub-genre.
• Zombie wanted the characters to be more grounded and real than most horrors and most films for that matter, something like a 'violent western'.
• Zombie hired documentary maker Phil Parmet to be cinematographer as he wanted a 'handheld/ documentary' look.
• 2 minutes of the hotel scene were cut for the theatrical release for being too disturbing but were added in for the DVD release.
• Some of the actors were emotionally disturbed and didn't return to work for days after shooting certain scenes.
• It made over $19m with a budget of $7m

Distribution:

• The film relied partially on the cult following the franchise gained in 'The House of 1000 Corpses'.
• It aired at the Scream awards

Zombies- Horror Research - F.O'C

(Opening scene from 1968 classic 'Night of the Living Dead)

1. Since George Romero's Night of the Living Dead (1968) the zombie genre has flourished rapidly both within Horror films and popular culture. But what are people's obsession with the undead brain eaters? Well a BBC article by Sean Coughlan called 'Zombie faces: Why are we afraid of them?' looks into this and what it is about them the living find so fascinating . According to his research, the closer a face is to a human's the creepier and more 'repulsive' it becomes before actually being a human's face. This creates the aptly named 'uncanny valley' which the sudden unnerving appearance of a face that's almost human. Therefore we can establish that the thing that frightens us most about zombies, is their direct resemblance to us and the prospect that we could ever turn into one.

2.  The 'Why everyone loves the zombie apocalypse' article by Jonathan Edward Brown discusses why the zombie apocalypse is so appealing to such a wide array of people. It was a very interesting read and I've discovered multiple ideas on the topic. Firstly people love the zombie apocolypse because they think they could survive it. We see it as a challenge that we'd love to try out and so we find ourselves envying characters like Daryl or Rick from the Walking Dead; characters who fight daily to just get food and live in constant fear. 

This illogical desire spawns from the prospect of ultimate freedom that we could never achieve in real life or even in other apocalyptic scenarios (Plague, Rapture, Fallout destruction). We get carried away with the vision that Hollywood and pop culture has engraved into our minds of prepping, travelling and being the 'hero' we all so long to be. We miss the obvious massive issues of no food, no clean water, death at every corner, zero sanitation, radiation from unmanned nuclear plant, and not to mention the huge amounts of death and misery required to fuel this strange fantasy of ours.

(Looting in 'World War Z'-Forster 2013)

 What we as viewers don't realise when thinking this is that, when looking at the fundamentals of these desires, we are really just wanting an excuse to rob, kill, brutally harm, maim and be isolated from the world. When looking at it this way we can see how twisted this all really is. Now we know that this isn't basic human nature so these influences must be being derived from other parts of our culture and society. So now we must ask the question; Is a society full of thieves and murderers 'really' what we aspire to be?

3. This video from YouTube highlights key ideas relating to zombies and why they appeal to us. According to this source it's not the zombies themselves that are frightening, it's the apocalyptic world that they create and the harsh survival instinct that humans adopt due to this. This is an interesting perspective on the sub-genre with TV shows like the walking dead evolving characters over time. However personally I believe our real fear of zombies is far less cryptic than this and is more the fundamental fear of being chased and being killed that keeps our hearts racing and our scary fix satisfied.

JP. History of Horror Research

Why are stories that 'aim to scare their audience' so popular?

• Stories that aim to scare their audience have become increasingly popular, Daniel Cohen observes that 'Cultures create and scribe meaning to monsters, endowing them with characteristics derived from their most deep-seated fears'. 
• Audiences have become increasingly exposed to things so film companies need to be more expressive with their story's to grab the audiences attention

What insight can the study of horror monsters give?

• A study of horror monsters can give a good reference into the worry's and concerns of the culture; many horror trends can represent what people are afraid of. 
• For example when the A Nightmare of Elm Street (Craven, 1984) came out, there was a worry of child molesters at the time and although Craven changed Freddy Kreuger from a molester into a murderer but there were still scenes referencing him being a molester such as when Nancy is in the bath he reaches in between her legs.

What did Nosferatu (1922), one of the earliest horror films use the vampire as a metaphor for?

• In Nosferatu (1922) they referred the vampire as an invader that comes from elsewhere which can be interpreted sexually but since Germany was just recovering from the poverty and disease from WWI and with Nosferatu's rat like appearance I would say it was a metaphor for the disease that was unwanted and came from elsewhere. 

Read to the end of the article. Make notes on how there are different readings of horror based on socio/cultural contexts of the decade

Similarly to Nosferatu,  Frankenstein (Whale, 1932) was also influenced by what was going on culturally at the time. When Frankenstein was made during the great depression during which the Russian revolution occurred, in Frankenstein the anger is directed at the monster rather than the ruling class which reflects what was happening at the time. 

• There were different interpretations of the context such as how we sympathise the monster represents the racial tensions which were currently rising in American culture and the monsters death showed how one cannot integrate into another society. 
• During the 1960s; as the social times changed it was reflected in the horror monsters. The first film of the decade was Psycho (Hitchcock, 1960) in which the monster is a normal man who goes crazy similarly to Peeping tom (Powell, 1960) 
• These type of horror films create an unsettling amount of realism. By the end of the decade a lot of racial tension was occurring in society, during this time no one would ever think that a main character would ever be a black male but Night of the Living Dead (Romero, 1968) challenged this. 
• As horror moved into the late 1970s, the films became increasingly violent with The last house on the left (Craven, 1972) and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (Hooper, 1974)

In the final paragraph, why according to Hendry is horror still relevant to audiences?

• Horror is the one genre which has the ability to change to fit into each generations concerns and feelings and that is why horror is still relevant to audiences and will always be

JP. Psychological/Supernatural Horror Genre Moodboard

The psychological horror has mostly evolved recently to be the most common genre but there are also many classic psychological horrors such as Poltergeist (Hooper, 1982) and The Exorcist (Friedkin, 1973). I think the recent advance in psychological horrors is to do with the new profilmic effects and CGI that are possible due to new digital technology

Typical things found in psychological horrors are:

• Someone alone in a house/room to create an isolated feel to the film, a sense that the person has no hope for survival
• Generally a female/child antagonist since men more feature in slasher films than haunting psychological films
• The protagonist is also normally a female or child to show vulnerability so we can relate to them and become attached to them
• Normally in psychological horrors something paranormal is occurring which give the 'don't go through that door' feeling
• Psychological horrors make good use of sound and shadows to create an immersive experience which escalates throughout the movie, seeing more and more ass the film goes on

JP. Institutional Context - A Nightmare on Elm Street (Craven, 1984)

Production:

• An American supernatural slasher horror film written and directed by Wes Craven in 1984
• The film was produced by Media Home Entertainment for a budget of $1.8 million
• The film had a budget of $25,504,513
• The film featured a few well known actors such as Robert Englund, John Saxon, Johnny Depp and Heather Langenkamp.
• The plot is about a few teenagers who are stalked and later killed in through their dreams by Freddy Krueger.
• The films plot was inspired Khmer refugees who fled to the United States from the results of American bombing in Cambodia, and then suffered disturbing nightmares which then lead to them refusing sleep and then later died in their sleep.
• The main villain, Freddy Krueger was intended to be a child molester but decided to create him a child murderer to avoid the press since at that current time, many child molesting cases were occurring.
• During production, 500 gallons of fake blood was used

Distribution:

• The film was first introduced to the home video market by Media Home Entertainment in early 1985 and was eventually released on Laserdisc
• The film was then released in DVD box sets in 1999 and a restored special edition in 2006 which included extra scenes surrounding Nancy and Freddy
• In April, 2010 a blu-ray version of the film was made aswell as a remake staring Jackie Earle Haley as Freddy Krueger which attempted to recreate the franchise
• The marketing of this film was not to big at the time but recently it has almost become a cult film and has developed a lot of merchandise from the years such as Freddy Kreuger action figures
• An online game was also released in 2010 in which the user is required to keep a girl awake to keep her safe from Freddy

JP. Opening Sequence Horror Film - The Ring (Verbinski, 2002)

The Ring (Verbinski, 2002) is a very good example  of a psychological horror opening, is all about convincing the audience there is something there. The Ring does this very well through a use of techniques:

• By using diagetic sound from the TV it positions us with the character and gives the situation a sense of realism. Many horror films use music in the opening scenes to get the audience tense, but The Ring uses silence to enhance the situation. When she gets close to the TV we briefly see and hear someone running past, this is a very immersive experience for the audience which is exactly what horror is suppose to be.
• When she enters the kitchen, the light is focused on the fridge which then opens. This is stereotypical to horror films; a door swinging open and the audience not knowing where it came from. The Ring is based in what looks like a normal house with an isolated, curious women on her own, a main character such as this is what we expect in most horror films. 
• The shots towards the end of the opening are to set the scene of the story; when the women is walking down the corridor towards the room, we see water pouring out from under the door. Those who have seen the film know this represents the daughter who was drowned by her mother. The darkness in this shot and us only seeing her legs  creates an tense atmosphere of the unkown.

JP. Old horror moodboard and horror photo

When we first started studying horror we were asked to complete a moodboard which summarises the components of a horror film. From my moodboard the main theme is of spooky and creepy faces and the re occurring use of darkness.

After creating the moodboard we needed to create our own horror picture, I followed the psychological, ritualistic theme.  I created the set on my own, luckily I had the pillar in my garage so I placed the skull in the centre of it and surrounded it in candles to give a ritualistic look. I added the cobweb look in photoshop by taking a picture of some smashed glass and added it as a front layer. The smoke effect was another layer and the blacked out corners were done by using the action Vignette.

Horror Sub-Genre: Zombies - F.L

Analysis:

• One outstanding feature is the use of pro-filmic effects, such as makeup. Each photo heavily uses makeup to create a mutilated/skeletal look. This emphasises the idea of death, and reinforces the idea that zombies are possessed, cannibalistic creatures.
• Another common feature is the directorial style of desperation and group force. A large amount of the photos all show the zombies as grasping for someone/something; this depicts them as murderous, desperate characters. This re-emphasises the idea that zombies are more animalistic than human.
• A more stereotypical, and generalised feature throughout all of horror, but featured within these photos, is the use of low-lit lighting. There is heavy use of dark, or dimmed lighting to create the idea of the unknown, and zombies appearing from no where. The lighting also emphasises the makeup and compliments the dark, deathly nature of their face.
• All photos demonstrate the idea of ‘pacts’ and groups. This suggests that a common idea about zombies is that they work collectively, as a dominant force. From this you can learn iconic ideas surrounding the zombie genre, and from the range of sources of these photos, you can understand that the idea of zombies working as a group, has been around for a long period of time.
• A final, common feature is the use of a medium close-up, the use of this camera angle could be to clearly show the make-up and facial expressions, but also to contextualise the zombies and show any surroundings/other zombies. This allows the audience to appreciate the characters costume and makeup (to allow them to understand the character) but also to see them within the context of the film.

FO'C - Sub genre: Stalker/slasher

The stalker sub-genre has been around for decades, influenced by films by films like Nosferatu (Murnau-1922) and Hitchcock's 'Psycho' (1960) which in turn influenced more modern interpretations of the genre such as Scream (Craven-1996) and You're Next (Wingard-2011).
Stalker films usually go hand in hand with the slasher sub genre as the stalker is often a crazed psychotic 'male' murderer such as Freddie Kruger or Jason. With this conventional villain goes the conventional protagonist; the young & beautiful woman. We as the audience are positioned with her as she is seen as vulnerable, transferring this feeling of vulnerability and insecurity to the viewers. Therefore the director keeps the viewers on the edge of their seats by isolating this character from external help and contact through a verity of ways:

• Killing off her friends in the woods
• Having her home alone
• Cutting phone wires
• Have her take care of a young child or infant
• Separate her temporarily from a crowded place (carnival/party)

However this cannot be the case through the entirety of the film otherwise the intense moments will lose their intensity. That's why directors introduce safety characters and locations such as:

• Policemen
• A male
• A person in a position of power and authority
• A child with the ability of concious thought and speech (older than 4 but younger than 10)
• Police station
• Crowded place

When these characters and locations dissapear or get killed off, the audience is plunged into an accentuated feeling of chaos and helplessness once again. A common example of this is a lone policeman being killed off before calling backup. F.O

Gender Representation within Horror - F.L

Gender Representation – F.L

1. When, and in what way were women repositioned within the horror genre?
2. What are the conventions of the 'stalk and slash' subgenre of horror?
3. Who originally watched these films and why?
4. Why does the author argue that the films were 'significant'?
5. What is the concept of ' the final girl'?  Summarise and give examples

This is from Psycho (Hitchcock, 1960)
where the woman is clearly portrayed as
the weak victim.

1. In the late 1970’s American horror cinema has a massive change within director’s views; this was in responsive to the political situation at the time, the Vietnam War. This sparked the growing feminist movement, and this became incorporated into their horror films. Women were shown less as being weak, but and being able to protect themselves, and also seek out the threat and destroy it.
2. The generic theme involved mixed-sex group of teenagers travelling to a remote location and involving themselves with drugs, alcohol and sex. Slowly, an unknown killer steadily murders them. As the film ends there is normally one member of the group left who has to confront and destroy the murderer in order to survive. Once they have been killed, they are then identified and the reasoning for their killing is revealed. 
3. The predominant audience was teenage boys and young men, presumably for the female nudity, and graphic nature of assault and murder. 

   

   This is from The Nightmare on Elm
   Street (Craven, 1984) where the antagonist
   is clearly shown with weapons, in
   low-lit shadows, therefore fulfilling the
   iconic  horror film elements.

4. Initially, the Slash subgenre created two of the horror genres most popular icons; the Friday the 13^th Series and The Nightmare on Elm Street series. This therefore created a popular horror film franchise, and increased film revenue.
5. The Final Girl is used to describe the sole female survivor of numerous Slasher films; it shows the marked female character as different from her friends, for example she is smarter then her friends, she also has more honest morals. By being different she is therefore distanced from her peer group, and rejects drinks/drugs/sexual behaviour etc. when the killer begins his murders, she is the survivor as she can overcome this threat because she uses her intellect and power to outwit/trap him. The Final Girl is represented as masculine due to her traits.

Institutional Context - The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (Hooper, 1974) - F.L

The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (Hooper, 1974)

Production:

·      It was produced by Vortex and released in 1974.

·      The film was produced on a budget less than $300,000.

·      The cast consisted of relatively unknown actors who were found in central Texas, where the film was shot.

·      The limited budget required Hooper to film for long hours, seven days a week, this was so he could finish quickly and reduced equipment rental costs.

·      The plot was based on serial killer Ed Gein (in 1950’s from Wisconsin).

·      The concept for the film arose in the early 1970’s whilst Hooper was working as an assistant film director and documentary cameraman at the University of Texas at Austin.

·      It was mainly shot using a Eclair NPR 16mm camera.

·      Most of the filming took place in the farmhouse, which was filled with furniture made from animal bones and latex material.

·      The special effects were limited due to the small budget. The on-screen blood was real in some cases due to difficulties with getting blood to come out of its tube.

Distribution:

·      Due to the films violent content, Hooper struggled to find a distributor.

·      Eventually, Louis Perano from Bryanston Pictures purchased the distribution rights.

·      It was distributed worldwide, and premiered in Austin, Texas.

·      It was falsely marketed as a “true story” therefore attracting a larger audience.

·      It was promoted by full-page ads.

·      The film eventually grossed more than $30 million in the US and Canada, making it the 12^th highest grossing film.

·      However, among independent films it was overtaken in by Halloween (Carpenter 1978), which grossed $47 million.

·      After it’s initial British release, it was then banned on advice of the BBFC, however in 1998 the film was granted a licence, and the following year it was passed with a certificate of an 18.